Avaliação do perfil lipídico de adolescentes / Evaluation of lipid profile in adolescents

A aterosclerose é uma doença crônica, multifatorial e insidiosa, podendo iniciar-se na infância ou adolescência, com suas principais consequências aparecendo na fase adulta. As dosagens séricas de lipoproteínas como LDL-c, colesterol total (CT), HDL-c e NÃO HDL-c podem ser usadas como forma de triagem de um diagnóstico. No Brasil há ainda pouquíssimos estudos correlacionando níveis séricos dessas lipoproteínas com a idade das pessoas. Avaliar as concentrações séricas de LDL-c, CT, HDL-c, NÃO HDL-c, VLDL-c e triglicerídeos (TG) em adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos do município de Araucária/PR. Pesquisa transversal retrospectiva, que coletou os seguintes dados de 600 adolescentes: idade, sexo e dosagens de LDL-c, CT, HDL-c, NÃO HDL-c, VLDL-c e TG. Os dados foram avaliados com o programa de análise estatística SPSS 2.0, o teste U de Mann-Whitney e o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman para identificação de significado estatístico (p < 0,05). O sexo feminino exprimiu níveis séricos de CT, TG e LDL-c maiores que o sexo masculino. O HDL-c apresentou valores idênticos em ambos os sexos, com 48% de valores desejáveis e 52% de baixos. O estudo identificou forte correlação entre as frações lipídicas e associação com a idade de 10 a 14 anos. Os resultados apontam que, em comparação ao LDL-c, o NÃO HDL-c apresentou maior correlação com as demais frações lipídicas (TG, LDL-c e CT), sugerindo que o NÃO HDL-c pode ser utilizado como um método eficaz na complementação de diagnóstico para avaliar riscos ateroscleróticos em adolescentes

Atherosclerosis is a chronic, multifactorial and insidious disease that can begin in childhood and adolescence, and whose major consequences appear during adulthood. Serum levels of lipoproteins, such as LDL-c, total cholesterol (TC), HDL-c, and non-HDL-c can be used as a screening method for disease diagnosis. In Brazil, few studies have correlated the serum levels of those lipoproteins with age. To evaluate the serum concentrations of TC, LDL-c, HDL-c, VLDL-c, non-HDL-c and triglycerides (TG) of adolescents aged 10 to 19 years in the municipality of Araucária, Paraná state. Cross-sectional retrospective study, collecting the following data from 600 adolescents: age, sex and serum levels of TC, LDL-c, HDL-c and TG from June to December 2016. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software 2.0, with Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman coefficient of correlation to identify statistical significance (p < 0.05). The female sex showed higher serum levels of TC, TG and LDL-c than the male sex. The HDL-c levels were identical in both sexes, with 48% of desirable values and 52% of low values. This study identified a strong correlation between the lipids and association with the age group of 10 to 14 years. Non-HDL-c showed stronger correlation with the other lipids (TG, LDL-c and TC) as compared to LDL-c, suggesting that non-HDL-c can be used as an effective complementary diagnostic method to assess the risks for atherosclerosis in adolescents

Usefulness of genome-wide association studies to identify novel genetic variants underlying the plasma lipoprotein metabolism as risk factors for CAD

Coronary artery disease [CAD] is a major killer across the world. The pathogenesis of CAD is a construct of multiple predisposing elements, including environmental, health and genetic factors. Traditional risk factors for CAD include age, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and dyslipidaemia. Optimizing the lipid levels to within the normal range significantly and drastically reduces the risk of coronary atherosclerosis. Genome-wide association studies [GWASs] promise to accurately identifying the variants that increase or decrease the risks of multiple and complex disorders. In this review, we shed light on and discuss the recent GWASs of lipoprotein genetics and how such studies have provided new pathways and pharmacological targets that might enable the control the pathological plasma cholesterol levels

Effects of strength training on blood lipoprotein concentrations in postmenopausal women / Efeitos do treinamento de força sobre as concentrações de lipoproteínas sanguíneas em mulheres pós-menopausa

Strength training is often identified as a contributing factor in prevention of diseases and as a non-pharmacological treatment for metabolic disorders and for control of body mass. Its protective effects and utility for management of disease are amplified in people at risk of diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemias, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Recently the benefits of strength training have been used to reduce the risk of these diseases emerging in postmenopausal women, who are at greater risk of CVD than men of the same age. Notwithstanding, little is known about the effects of strength training on metabolism of blood lipoproteins. The objective of this review was to compare the results of articles that have investigated the effects on lipoprotein concentrations of strength training in postmenopausal women. Current articles dealing with the subject, with publication dates from 1979 to 2012 and large numbers of citations by well-known researchers were identified on the Pubmed, Scopus and EBSCO databases. It was concluded that strength training possibly has an action that affects lipoprotein metabolism and concentrations in postmenopausal women.

O treinamento de força tem sido frequentemente relacionado como contribuinte para a prevenção do aparecimento de doenças e como tratamento não farmacológico para distúrbios metabólicos e controle de massa corporal. Os efeitos protetores e de manejo de doenças se ampliam para sujeitos com riscos para diabetes mellitus e dislipidemias, e doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). Recentemente, os benefícios do treinamento de força têm sido usados para reduzir o risco do aparecimento dessas doenças em mulheres pós-menopausa, as quais apresentam um risco maior para desenvolver DCV quando comparadas aos homens de mesma idade. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a efetividade do treinamento de força sobre metabolismo das lipoproteínas sanguíneas. O objetivo desta revisão foi comparar os resultados de artigos que abordaram os efeitos do treinamento de força em mulheres pós-menopausa e quais os resultados sobre as concentrações de lipoproteínas. Foram pesquisadas referências atuais sobre o tema a ser abordado, sendo que os artigos foram selecionados nas bases de dados Pubmed, Scopus e EBSCO, artigos atuais datados do período de 1979 a 2012, com grande número de citações de pesquisadores renomados no assunto. Em conclusão, o treinamento de força possivelmente tenha uma ação efetiva no metabolismo e na concentração de lipoproteínas em mulheres pós-menopausa.

Interaction of lipophorin with Rhodnius prolixus oocytes: biochemical properties and the importance of blood feeding

Lipophorin (Lp) is the main haemolymphatic lipoprotein in insects and transports lipids between different organs. In adult females, lipophorin delivers lipids to growing oocytes. In this study, the interaction of this lipoprotein with the ovaries of Rhodnius prolixus was characterised using an oocyte membrane preparation and purified radiolabelled Lp (125I-Lp). Lp-specific binding to the oocyte membrane reached equilibrium after 40-60 min and when 125I-Lp was incubated with increasing amounts of membrane protein, corresponding increases in Lp binding were observed. The specific binding of Lp to the membrane preparation was a saturable process, with a Kdof 7.1 ± 0.9 x 10-8M and a maximal binding capacity of 430 ± 40 ng 125I-Lp/µg of membrane protein. The binding was calcium independent and pH sensitive, reaching its maximum at pH 5.2-5.7. Suramin inhibited the binding interaction between Lp and the oocyte membranes, which was completely abolished at 0.5 mM suramin. The oocyte membrane preparation from R. prolixus also showed binding to Lp from Manduca sexta. When Lp was fluorescently labelled and injected into vitellogenic females, the level of Lp-oocyte binding was much higher in females that were fed whole blood than in those fed blood plasma.

Lipoprotein(a) in Essential Hypertension Patients.

Background: Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an important and independent cardiovascular risk factor, but its role in the development of coronary vascular disease in hypertensives have conflicting results. Adequate studies have not been conducted on the Lp(a) in essential hypertensive patients. Aims and Objectives: In the present study, we aimed to investigate the possible relationship between plasma Lp (a) and lipid levels in essential hypertensive patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 essential arterial hypertensive patients were studied and compared with 30 controls matched in terms of age, sex and body mass index. Results: It was seen that mean level of Total Cholesterol, Triglyceride, Very Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol and Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol were elevated in hypertensive patients as compared to controls, but the levels were not statistically significant. Taking 30 mg/dl as the cut off value of Lp(a), majority of the patients had levels more than 30 mg/dl (P<0.001) when compared to controls. Conclusion: This study indicates that significantly elevated serum Lp(a) level can be a independent risk factor for coronary vascular diseases in essential hypertensive patients.

Incorporação de esterificação do colesterol na lipoproteína de alta densidade(HDL): avaliação de biomarcadores plasmaticos e do diadnóstico por imagem (ecografia vascular com doppler) relacionados com a doença aterogênica de carótidas extracranianas e artérias vertebrais / Incorporation of cholesterol esterification in high-density lipoprotein (HDL): evaluation of plasma biomarkers and imaging diadnóstico (vascular ultrasound Doppler) disease-related atherogenic extracranial carotid and vertebral arteries

As complicações da aterosclerose agregam as principais causas de morte no mundo relacionada a problemas cardiovasculares. É caracterizada por distúrbio da condição mecânica e fisiológica, que promove espessamento e endurecimento nas artérias coronárias, cerebrais e periféricos, ocasionando lesão inflamatória crônica, rica em lipídios e células características do processo inflamatório nas paredes vasculares. Objetivos: Avaliar concentrações plasmáticas de biomarcadores do metabolismo lipídico e resultados de doppler de carótidas, relacionando-os com a doença aterogênica de carótidas. Delineamento: Estudo de Corte Transverso. Casuística e Métodos: 66 pacientes com idade 57,5 ± 15,5 anos, (20 a 77), 63% mulheres. Na análise estatística utilizaram-se testes paramétricos e nãoparamétricos, valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes. Resultados: Verificou-se DCA na população masculina a partir da faixa 36-45 anos; nas mulheres, a doença pôde ser detectada a partir de 46-55 anos, elevando-se em ambos gêneros conforme aumento da idade. Tivemos maior prevalência de DCA no gênero feminino (33% contra apenas 15%), na faixa de 56-65 anos, mostrando RR de 1,56 para o gênero feminino (p<0,002; teste de Fisher, com aproximação de Katz). Quanto ao perfil clínico, houve prevalência de 53% pacientes com DCA; 82% pacientes estavam em uso de medicação regular para quaisquer das doenças pregressas; 68% hipertensos; 73% dislipidêmicos; 11% coronariopatas; 4% apresentaram AVE e 64% faziam uso regular de hipolipemiantes. O teste de Fisher evidenciou diferentes RR em função da presença ou não de DCA: Hipotireoidismo (DCA vs NDCA, p< 0,555; RR=1,0); (DCA vs EMI, p < 0,0001; RR=5,2); Dislipidemia (DCA vs NDCA, p< 0,001; RR=1,62); HAS (DCA vs NDCA, p< 0,003; RR=1,76); DM (DCA vs NDCA, p< 0,001; RR=3,6); AVE (DCA vs NDCA, p< 0,0001; RR=2,03); DAC (DCA vs NDCA, p< 0,0001; RR=6,14). Predominaram estenoses leves em 44%, estenoses moderadas em 9%, não foram observados pacientes com estenose severa ou oclusão. A avaliação dos dados de colesterol livre e total de colesterol marcado na fração HDL diferiu entre os grupos estratificados por HDL-C maior e menor do que 40mg/dl e para as condições DCA e sem DCA (p = 0,0409 e, p = 0,0475 teste t), respectivamente. A análise de correlação linear de Pearson entre os dados de atividade de PON1 quando HDL-C < 40mg/dl e incorporação de colesterol livre e, também entre percentual de esterificação CL/CE foi significativa (r = -0,6; p = 0,048; n = 20 e r = -0,7; p = 0,006; n = 12), respectivamente. Conclusões: Evidenciado presença da DCA com aumento da idade conforme literatura; prevaleceu DCA no perfil clínico dos participantes do estudo; as doenças de base identificadas elevam o risco para DCA; o transporte reverso de colesterol é prejudicado na DCA.

Ácido linoleico conjugado e exercício físico: efeitos na aterosclerose de camundongos apoe (-/-) / Conjugated linoleic acid and exercise: effects on atherosclerosis of apo e(-/-) Mice

Fundamento: Nenhum estudo foi encontrado em relação aos efeitos da combinação de ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) e exercício físico na progressão de aterosclerose de camundongos APO E (-/-). Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da combinação de exercício físico e ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) na progressão de aterosclerose de camundongos knockout para o gene da Apo E alimentados com dietas normo e hiperlipídica. Métodos: Camundongos knockout para Apo E foram alocados em quatro grupos/dieta: NS - dieta normolipídica e sedentário (n=5), HS - dieta hiperlipídica e sedentário (n=5), NECLA - dieta normolipídica com CLA e exercitado (n=8) e HECLA - dieta hiperlipídica com CLA e exercitado (n=8). O colesterol total e o HDL-C foram determinados através do método enzimático-colorimétrico. O LDL-C foi calculado pela fórmula de Friedewald. O fígado foi pesado e as lesões ateroscleróticas foram analisadas por fotomicrografia representativa da aorta. Utilizou-se ANOVA e Tukey ao nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: O grupo HECLA apresentou maiores valores de colesterol total e LDL-c que os grupos NECLA e NS (p<0,05). Em relação ao HDL-c, o grupo HS apresentou maior concentração que o grupo HECLA (p=0,019). O peso do fígado foi maior no grupo HECLA comparado com o NECLA (p=0,003). Em relação à progressão da aterosclerose, não foi encontrado diferenças significativas entre os grupos (p>0,05). Conclusões: A combinação exercício físico e CLA, independente do tipo de dieta, não foi eficiente na redução da progressão de aterosclerose de camundongos Knockout para o gene que expressa a apolipoproteina E.

Background: No studies were found regarding the effects of the combination of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and physical exercise in the progression of atherosclerosis in mice APO E (-/-). Objective: To evaluate the effects of the combination of exercise and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the progression of atherosclerosis in mice knockout for the gene Apo E fed diets with normal and hyperlipidemic. Methods: Apo E knockout mice were divided into four groups / diet: NS - normolipídica diet and sedentary (n = 5), HS - high fat diet and sedentary (n = 5), NECLA - normolipídica diet with CLA and exercised (n = 8) and HECLA - High fat diet with CLA and exercised (n = 8). Total cholesterol and HDL-C were determined by enzymatic-colorimetric method. LDL-C was calculated using the Friedewald formula. The liver was weighed and atherosclerotic lesions were analyzed by representative photomicrographs of aorta. We used ANOVA and Tukey tests at a significance level of 5%. Results: The HECLA group had higher total cholesterol and LDL-C than groups NECLA and NS (p <0,05). In relation to HDL-C, the HS group had a higher concentration than the group HECLA (p = 0,019). Liver weight was higher in the group HECLA compared with NECLA (p = 0,003). Regarding the progression of atherosclerosis, was not found significant differences between groups (p> 0.05). Conclusions: The combination of exercise and CLA, regardless of the diet was not effective in reducing the progression of atherosclerosis Knockout mice for the gene that expresses the apolipoprotein E.

Expression and purification of the non-tagged LipL32 of pathogenic Leptospira

Leptospirosis is a reemerging infectious disease and the most disseminated zoonosis worldwide. A leptospiral surface protein, LipL32, only occurs in pathogenic Leptospira, and is the most abundant protein on the bacterial surface, being described as an important factor in host immunogenic response and also in bacterial infection. We describe here an alternative and simple purification protocol for non-tagged recombinant LipL32. The recombinant LipL32(21-272) was expressed in Escherichia coli without His-tag or any other tag used to facilitate recombinant protein purification. The recombinant protein was expressed in the soluble form, and the purification was based on ion exchange (anionic and cationic) and hydrophobic interactions. The final purification yielded 3 mg soluble LipL32(21-272) per liter of the induced culture. Antiserum produced against the recombinant protein was effective to detect native LipL32 from cell extracts of several Leptospira serovars. The purified recombinant LipL32(21-272) produced by this protocol can be used for structural, biochemical and functional studies and avoids the risk of possible interactions and interferences of the tags commonly used as well as the time consuming and almost always inefficient methods to cleave these tags when a tag-free LipL32 is needed. Non-tagged LipL32 may represent an alternative antigen for biochemical studies, for serodiagnosis and for the development of a vaccine against leptospirosis.

Metabolic effects of melatonin supplementation in stressed immobilized rats

Therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing metabolic perturbances are recommended in chronic immobilization stress via administration of melatonin. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of melatonin supplementation on carbohydrate and lipoproteins metabolism in chronic stressed immobilized rats. A total of 32 male albino rats [150-250 grams, each] were divided into 4 equal groups; control group, stressed immobilized group, melatonin-supplemented group and melatonin supplemented + stressed immobilized group. Fasting blood glucose level and rate of glucose uptake by skeletal muscle [diaphragm] were investigated. Also plasma levels of triglyceride [TG], total cholesterol [TC], low density lipoprotein-cholesterol [LDL-C], high density lipoprotein-cholesterol [HDL-C] and malondialdehyde [MDA] were measured. Stressed immobilized group showed significant hyperglycemia associated with decreased glucose uptake by diaphragm. In addition, plasma levels of TG, TC, LDL-C and MDA were significantly increased. But the level of HDL-C in plasma was decreased significantly. Melatonin supplementation for stressed immobilized rats resulted in significant increase of glucose uptake by diaphragm, as well as HDL-C. On the other hand blood, glucose level, TG, TC, LDL-C and MDA were significantly decreased. In addition melatonin supplementation for normally fed rats produced significant increase of glucose uptake by diaphragm with significant reduction of plasma levels of TG, TC and LDL-C. Melatonin supplementation could ameliorate the metabolic disturbances in carbohydrate and lipoproteins metabolism in chronic immobilization stress in rats

Alterações lipídicas no paciente séptico: análise da participação da resistência insulínica nas alterações metabólicas / Study of metabolic acidosis in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock

Alterações metabólicas são muito frequentes em doentes graves. Sepse grave e choque séptico são condições clínicas muito prevalentes em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI). A mortalidade da sepse grave e, especialmente do choque séptico, persiste alta, apesar das terapêuticas desenvolvidas nas últimas décadas. Controle rigoroso da glicemia parece ser uma terapia adjuvante muito importante, especialmente em doentes cirúrgicos graves. Ainda há controvérsias sobre o controle glicêmico rigoroso em doentes clínicos. Além da hiperglicemia, alguns estudos procuraram associar distúrbios no metabolismo de lipoproteínas e pior prognóstico para doentes graves. Também foi descrita a associação de hiperglicemia e quantidades mais baixas de lipoproteínas, sugerindo, possivelmente, o controle glicêmico rigoroso como fator importante para correção dos distúrbios do metabolismo de lipoproteínas. Neste estudo, dosamos LDL, HDL, triglicerídeos, colesterol total, ácidos graxos livres e Ox-LDL em 63 pacientes com diagnóstico de sepse grave ou choque séptico, divididos em dois grupos, sendo um grupo mantendo controle glicêmico rigoroso e outro grupo mantendo um controle glicêmico mais liberal, com internação em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) nas primeiras 72 horas de internação. Independentemente do grupo alocado, as concentrações séricas de LDL, HDL, colesterol total estiveram abaixo dos valores considerados normais. De outro modo, as concentrações séricas de ácidos graxos livres, triglicérides e Ox-LDL estiveram acima dos valores considerados normais. Ao longo das 72 horas houve manutenção das concentrações séricas de HDL e de colesterol total e das concentrações séricas elevados de ox-LDL e triglicérides. Houve um aumento progressivo das concentrações séricas de LDL e diminuição das concentrações séricas de ácidos graxos livres mais pronunciada nos doentes submetidos a controle glicêmico rigoroso. Ao longo do período de estudo, os pacientes sobreviventes apresentaram...

Metabolic disturbances are very frequent among critical care patients. Severe sepsis and septic shock are clinical conditions responsible for a great number of patients admitted to ICU. Severe sepsis and septic shock mortality rates remain high instead of new approaches developed in last decades. Intensive glycemic control appeared to be an important adjuvant therapy, especially among surgical intensive care patients. There are still some controversies about the benefits of intensive glycemic control among clinical intensive care patients. Beyond hyperglycemia, some studies have tried to associate lipid metabolism disturbances to worse prognosis. There are also descriptions of association between hyperglycemia and lower lipoproteins levels, suggesting the possible positive effects of intensive glycemic control and better control of lipid disturbances. In this study, we collected sequential serum LDL, HDL, triglycerides, total cholesterol, free fatty acids and Ox-LDL for 63 patients diagnosed as severe sepsis or septic shock admitted to ICU, in the first 72 hours after beginning of the symptoms. Patients were randomly allocated into two different groups, one for intensive glycemic control and the other maintaining more liberal glycemic levels. Results: Serum levels of LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol were below levels considered normal in both groups. Contrary, serum levels of free fatty acids, triglycerides and Ox-LDL were above normal levels in both groups. Along initial 72 hours we noticed a clear increase in LDL serum levels and decrease in free fatty acids serum levels more pronounced in the intensive glycemic control group. Survivors needed less dosages of exogenous insulin, despite of similar glycemic levels. Serum levels of Ox-LDL, LDL, HDL and CRP were similiar for survivors and non-survivors.

O treinamento físico aeróbico acelera o transporte reverso de colesterol de macrófagos em camundongos selvagens e transgênicos para CETP humana / Aerobic exercise training improves the macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in wild-type and in CETP transgenic mice

O papel do exercício físico na prevenção da doença macrovascular aterosclerótica é atribuído em parte à melhoria no metabolismo de lípides, com evidências para regressão e prevenção no desenvolvimento de aterosclerose. Neste estudo, avaliamos o efeito de 6 semanas de treinamento físico aeróbio (protocolo diário em esteira 15 m/min, 30 min, 5 vezes na semana) sobre o transporte reverso de colesterol (TRC) em camundongos C57BL/6 selvagens e transgênicos para CETP humana (CETP-tg). Estes últimos constituem modelo experimental de TRC que se assemelha aos humanos, pela presença da CETP. O TRC é um sistema antiaterogênico, por meio do qual o colesterol é removido de células periféricas e transportado ao fígado para eliminação na bile e excreção fecal. A metodologia utilizada consistiu na injeção intraperitoneal de macrófagos J774 enriquecidos em LDL-acetilada e 3H-colesterol em animais selvagens e CETP-tg sedentários e treinados, após as 6 semanas de estudo. O perfil lipídico não foi modificado após o treinamento físico, no entanto, apenas no grupo CETP-tg treinado houve aumento na concentração de HDL colesterol ao final do estudo. O treinamento físico aeróbio acelerou o TRC em camundongos selvagens, refletido pela maior recuperação de 3H-colesterol no plasma (após 24 h e 48 h da injeção intraperitoneal) e no fígado (após 48 h), em comparação aos animais selvagens sedentários. Este evento associou-se ao aumento de 60% na expressão dos receptores hepáticos SR-BI, em relação ao grupo sedentário. Nos animais CETP-tg, o treinamento físico aumentou o TRC, com maior recuperação de 3H-colesterol - advindo dos macrófagos - no plasma, fígado e também nas fezes (após 24 h e 48 h), em comparação aos animais transgênicos sedentários. Embora a expressão de SR-BI não tenha sido alterada pelo treinamento físico nos animais CETPtg, observou-se nestes animais aumento na expressão hepática do receptor B-E, contribuindo para a maior remoção de colesterol pelo fígado...

Regular exercise prevents the development of atherosclerosis. We analyzed the role of a six-week aerobic exercise training program in the macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in wild-type (WT) and in human CETP transgenic (CETP-tg) mice. Animals were randomly assigned to sedentary and trained groups (treadmill 15 m/min, 30-min sessions, 5 sessions per week). Plasma lipids were not modified after training, although HDL-cholesterol concentrations levels increased in trained CETP-tg mice only. Plasma CETP activity was not modified after training. A greater recovery of 3H-cholesterol from J774 macrophages injected into peritoneal cavities of mice was found in plasma and in the liver from exercised WT and CETP animals in comparison to sedentary groups. Exercise training induced a greater excretion of 3H-cholesterol in feces only in the CETP-tg mice. The SR-BI expression in the liver was increased and unchanged in trained WT and CETP-tg mice, respectively. The liver expression of LDL receptor was higher in both groups after training. Alternatively, liver X receptor (LXR) increased only in trained WT mice. Aerobic exercise training improves the macrophage RCT in mice, thereby contributing to the prevention and regression of atherosclerosis. The benefit of exercise on the cholesterol excretion in feces in mice was attained only in the presence of CETP, which elucidates the importance of exercise in the prevention of atherosclerosis in humans.

Efeito da dieta rica em colesterol e gordura saturada sobre o metabolismo da lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) em hamsters / Effects of the rich diet in cholesterol and saturated fat in metabolism of the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in hamsters

A lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) tem várias ações protetoras contra o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares, como remover o excesso de colesterol dos tecidos periféricos. No entanto, outros aspectos do metabolismo da HDL, como o transporte de colesterol das outras classes de lipoproteínas para a HDL devem ser avaliados para verificar a sua ação protetora. Sendo assim, nosso objetivo foi verificar, em hamsters, se a dieta hiperlipídica altera fatores relacionados ao metabolismo da HDL, tais como a composição da fração HDL e a transferência simultânea de lípides para a HDL. Trinta e nove hamsters Golden Syrian adultos machos receberam uma dieta hiperlipídica contendo 0,5% colesterol e 10% de óleo de coco (n=20, grupo dieta hiperlipídica) ou uma ração comercial usual (n=19, grupo controle) por 15 semanas. Os animais foram sacrificados e amostras de sangue foram coletadas para determinação do perfil lipídico, atividade da paroxonase 1 (PON1), da proteína de transferência de éster de colesterol (CETP) e da proteína de transferência de fosfolípides (PLTP), bem como a composição em lipídes da fração HDL. A transferência simultânea de colesterol livre (CL), éster de colesterol (EC), triglicérides (TG) e fosfolípides (FL) é baseada na troca de lípides ocorrida entre uma nanoemulsão lipídica artificial, marcada radioativamente com 14C-CL e 3H-TG ou 14C-FL e 3H-EC, e a HDL. Após precipitação química da nanoemulsão e das demais lipoproteínas, a capacidade da HDL em receber lípides foi quantificada pela medida da radioatividade presente na HDL. Além disso, a aorta e o fígado dos hamsters foram coletados para a determinação da composição em lípides e para análise histológica. Em relação ao perfil lipídico o colesterol total, HDL-C, n-HDL-C, FL, CL e EC foram maiores no grupo dieta hiperlipídica comparado ao grupo controle, já a concentração de TG não diferiu entre os grupos. A concentração de CL e EC da fração HDL foram maior no grupo dieta hiperlipídica. ...

High density lipoprotein (HDL) is known to protect against cardiovascular disease by removing the excess of cholesterol from peripheral tissues. However, other aspects of the HDL metabolism, as the transport of cholesterol of the other classes of lipoproteínas for the HDL should be sought to evaluate its protective action. Here, we tested the hypothesis whether a hyperlipidemic diet, in hamsters, alters the composition of the HDL fraction and ability of HDL to simultaneously receive lipids. Thirty-nine adult male Golden Syrian hamsters were fed hyperlipidemic diet containing 0.5% cholesterol and 10% coconut oil (n=20, hyperlipidemic diet group) or a regular chow diet (n=19, control group) for 15 wk. Then the animals were sacrificed and blood samples were collected for determination of plasma lipids, paraoxonase 1 (PON1), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) activities, and lipids composition of the HDL fraction. Simultaneous transfer of phospholipids (PL), free cholesterol (FC), cholesteryl esters (CE) and triglycerides (TG) from an artificial lipidic nanoemulsion to HDL was performed in an in vitro assay, in which a nanoemulsion doubled labeled with either 14C-FC and 3H-TG or 14C-PL and 3H-CE was incubated with plasma and the radioactivity was counted in the HDL fraction after chemical precipitation. The aorta and the liver of the hamsters were collected for determination of the lipids composition and histological analysis. Plasma total cholesterol, HDL-C, n-HDL-C, CE, FC and PL were greater in the hyperlipidemic diet group than in the control group. However, TG levels were similar between the groups. Compared with the control group, the hyperlipidemic diet group had higher FC and CE in the HDL plasma fraction. Also, the transfer rates of 14C-FC, 3H-TG, 14C-PL and 3H-CE, CETP and PLTP were greater in the hyperlipidemic diet group compared with control group. PON1 activity was equal in both groups. ...

Ácidos grasos con isomería trans I: su origen y los efectos en la salud humana / Isomeric trans fatty acids I: origin and effects in human health

It has been observed that foods with similar amount of starch can generate different glycemic responses. The evidence of a direct link between saturated fat consumption and an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases has led consumers to consider oils derived from vegetables, and industrial products derived from them, as healthier substitutes than animal fats. During the technological manipulation of vegetable oils, in order to transform them into more stable products it is applied the process of hydrogenation. The main side effect of this process is the formation of geometric and positional isomers of the unsaturated fatty acids, primary trans isomers of fatty acids (TFA). Dietary TFA consumption has a biological and industrial origin; the latter found in margarine, shortening, home and industrial cooking oil, bakery goods, and the wide range of' snack foods. Substantial TFA amounts come from the so called "invisible fats", the raw material used to manufacture more complex foods. The current wisdom is that TFA have an adverse effect on cardiovascular health, and its consumption poses a potential risk for increasing the incidence of heart disease.

La evidencia sobre una relación directa entre el consumo de grasas saturadas y el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular ha llevado a que los consumidores consideren a los aceites vegetales y a los productos industriales que derivan de ellos, como productos más saludables y sustitutos de las grasas animales. Durante el procesamiento tecnológico de los aceites vegetales, con la finalidad de transformarlos en productos más estables, se aplica el proceso de hidrogenación. El principal efecto lateral de este proceso es la formación de isómeros geométricos y posicionales de los ácidos grasos insaturados, principalmente de isómeros trans (AGT). Los AGT dietarios tienen origen biológico y tecnológico; estos últimos se encuentran en margarinas y mantecas, en aceites de uso doméstico e industrial, en productos de horneo, y en una gran variedad de alimentos del tipo bocadillos. Las grasas utilizadas para la manufactura industrial de alimentos (grasa "invisible") contienen elevadas cantidades de AGT. La visión actual es que los AGT tienen efectos adversos en la salud cardiovascular y que su consumo constituye un riesgo potencial de incrementarlas enfermedades cardíacas.

Purification, partial characterization and role in lipid transport to developing oocytes of a novel lipophorin from the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus

Lipid transport in arthropods is achieved by highly specialized lipoproteins, which resemble those described in vertebrate blood. Here we describe purification and characterization of the lipid-apolipoprotein complex, lipophorin (Lp), from adults and larvae of the cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus. We also describe the Lp-mediated lipid transfer to developing oocytes. Lps were isolated from homogenates of C. maculatus larvae and adults by potassio bromide gradient and characterized with respect to physicochemical properties and lipid content. The weevil Lp (465 kDa) and larval Lp (585 kDa), with hydrated densities of 1.22 and 1.14 g/mL, contained 34 and 56 percent lipids and 9 and 7 percent carbohydrates, respectively. In both Lps, mannose was the predominant monosaccharide detected by paper chromatography. SDS-PAGE revealed two apolipoproteins in each Lp with molecular masses of 225 kDa (apolipoprotein-I) and 79 kDa (apolipoprotein-II). The lipids were extracted and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. The major phospholipids found were phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in adult Lp, and phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin in larval Lp. Hydrocarbons, fatty acids and triacylglycerol were the major neutral lipids found in both Lps. Lps labeled in the protein moiety with radioactive iodine (125I-iodine) or in the lipid moiety with fluorescent lipids revealed direct evidence of endocytic uptake of Lps in live oocytes of C. maculatus.

Comparison of anticoagulant effects on vein grafts between human TFPI gene transfection and aspirin oral administration / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

To develop a more efficient antithrombotic way after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), the anticoagulant effects were compared of human tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) gene transfection and aspirin oral administration (traditional method) on vein grafts. An eukaryotic expression plasmid pCMV-(Kozak) TFPI was prepared. Animal model of carotid artery bypass grafting was constructed. In operation, endothelial cells of vein grafts in TFPI group and empty plasmid control group were transfected with pCMV-(Kozak) TFPI and empty plasmid pCMV respectively, while no transfection was conducted in aspirin control group. After operation, aspirin (2 mg.kg(-1).(-1)) was administered (i.g.) in aspirin control group. Three days later, grafts (n=10) were harvested for RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses of exogenous gene expression and for pathological, scanning electron microscopic observation of thrombus. Thirty days later, the patency rates of remnant grafts (n=10) were recorded by vessel Doppler ultrasonography. Human TFPI gene products were detected in gene transferred vein grafts. Three days later, thrombi were found in 7 animals of aspirin control group and in 8 animals of empty plasmid control group, but in only 1 of TFPI group (P<0.01). Thirty days later, 5 grafts were occluded in empty plasmid control group, but none of grafts was occluded in the other groups (P<0.05). The endothelial surfaces of grafts in both of the control groups were covered with aggregated erythrocytes and platelets, and it were not seen in TFPI group. It was suggested that the anticoagulant effects on vein grafts of human TFPI gene transfection are better than those of aspirin.

Familial chylomicronemia in a nine months old infant

Familial Chylomicronemia syndrome is a rare disorder of lipoprotein metabolism due to familial lipoprotein lipase or apolipoprotein C-II deficiency or the presence of inhibitors to lipoprotein lipase. It manifests as eruptive xanthomas, acute pancreatitis, and lipaemic plasma due to marked elevation of triglyceride and chylomicrons levels. We report a rare case of familial Chylomicronemia in a 9-month-old infant, who was diagnosed after his plasma was incidentally found to be milky. Lipid profile showed familial Chylomicronemia [Type 1 Hyperlipidemia]. The infant was started on a low fat diet and advised a regular follow-up